Summit County Citizens Voice

Study of Southern Ocean marine life provides benchmark for future environmental impacts of rapidly changing Antarctic climate

Colorful sky over South Georgia Island, in the Southern Ocean. PHOTO COURTESY THE BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY.

By Bob Berwyn
SUMMIT COUNTY — Sea spiders the size of dinner plates and tow-meter-long ribbon worms that eat prey several times their own size were among the 1,400-plus species cataloged by the British Antarctic Survey in a comprehensive study of marine life around South Georgia Island.

The research shows that, far from being a barren, frozen sea, the area around the sub-Antarctic island teems with life, richer in biodiversity than many tropical sites, including the Galapagos Islands. Many of the species are found nowhere else on Earth.

The research team reported its findings in this week’s edition of the online journal PLoSONE. Since the near-surface ocean waters around South Georgia Island are among the fastest-warming on Earth, the inventory will provide a framework to identify ecologically sensitive areas and species, and to pinpoint conservation priorities and monitor future changes, the scientists said.

Large free-swimming worms that can eat prey several times their own size were among the species recorded in an extensive biological survey of marine life around South Georgia Island. PHOTO COURTESY BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY.

South Georgia Island lies remotely east of the tip of South America and northeast of the Antarctic Peninsula.

The temperature of the ocean around Antarctica has increased by an average of 1°C in the last 50 years. The atmospheric temperature on the Antarctica Peninsula has increased by 2.5°C over the same time and is one of the most rapidly warming areas on the planet.

“This is the first time anybody has mapped out the biodiversity of a small polar archipelago in the Southern Ocean,” said lead author Oliver Hogg “If we are to understand how these animals will respond to future change, a starting point like this is really important. The biodiversity of South Georgia exceeds that of its nearest rivals such as the Galapagos and Equador in terms of the number of species inhabiting its shores. During the breeding season it hosts the densest mass of marine mammals on Earth,” he said.

Coral and brittlestar found in the waters of South Georgia Island, PHOTO COURTESY BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY.

The cold, oxygen-rich waters tend to promote growth in marine organisms, so some of the specimens were of extraordinary size, Hogg said in a telephone interview.

“What surprised us the most was the diversity,” he said, explaining that the island’s age (about 45 million years since it separated from the mainland) and it’s remoteness likely contribute to the richness of marine life. The island is also located at an ocean crossroads of sorts, where larvae can arrive riding ocean currents from both the Antarctic Peninsula and the South American mainland.

The study was funded by the British Government’s Darwin Initiative and the South Georgia Heritage Trust. It included a study of more than 130 years of polar records, and Hogg said ongoing analysis of the results may show how the number and distribution of species has changed in response to climate change that has already occurred in the area.

About 1,445 species were recorded from 17,000 specimens forming part of this study. The research involved the review of more than 25,000 records from polar explorations dating back to Victorian times.

Specimens were collected from scientific cruises, fisheries vessels and by scuba divers from the seas around South Georgia, famous for great polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton’s expedition. Species identified include sea urchins, free-swimming worms, fish, sea spiders and crustaceans. Most are rare and many occur nowhere else on Earth.

Data from the study, including information about collections, distribution maps and photos, are compiled online at the South Georgia Marine Biodiversity Database.  The study is part of the Darwin Initiative project, a collaboration between British Antarctic Survey, the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the Shallow Marine Surveys Group of the Falkland Islands.

*The South Georgia Heritage Trust (SGHT) aims to work with all who wish to preserve South Georgia’s natural and historical heritage for future generations – to redress the damage to its environment done in the past, and to preserve the human heritage of the island which so clearly shows the best and worst of humanity.

A British Antarctic Survey station on South Georgia Island, PHOTO COURTESY BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY.

A King Penguin in the surf. PHOTO COURTESY BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY.

A chinstrap penguin on an ice floe near Brown Bluff, Antarctica. PHOTO BY BOB BERWYN.

Fur seals on Half Moon Island, in the South Shetland chain, off the Antarctic Peninsula. PHOTO BY BOB BERWYN.

A blackbrow albatross soars near South Georgia Island. PHOTO COURTESY THE BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY.

Filed under: biodiversity, climate and weather, Environment, global warming, Marine biology Tagged: | Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica, biodiversity, British Antarctic Survey, climate change, Environment, Galapagos Islands, Oliver Hogg, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, South Georgia Island wildlife, Southern Ocean, Summit County News