Summit County Citizens Voice

The Storflaket permafrost plateau bog near Abisko in northern Sweden shows cracks at its borders due to thawing of the permafrost. PHOTO VIA THE CREATIVE COMMONS.

Carbon surge could add up to 190 gigatons — about half of what’s been pumped into the atmosphere since the start of the industrial age

By Summit Voice

SUMMIT COUNTY — Between 30 to 60 percent of the Earth’s permafrost will melt by 2200, releasing enormous quantities of carbon into the atmosphere, according to a study published this week by researchers at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesNational Snow and Ice Data Center.

“The amount of carbon released is equivalent to half the amount of carbon that has been released into the atmosphere since the dawn of the industrial age,” said Kevin Schaefer, a researcher with the National Snow and Ice Data Center. “That is a lot of carbon.”

The carbon from permanently frozen ground — known as permafrost — will intensify global warming and affect international strategies to reduce climate change, Schaefer said.

“If we want to hit a target carbon concentration, then we have to reduce fossil fuel emissions that much lower than previously calculated to account for this additional carbon from the permafrost,” Schaefer said. “Otherwise we will end up with a warmer Earth than we want.”

The carbon comes from plant material frozen in soil during the ice age of the Pleistocene: The icy soil trapped and preserved the biomass for thousands of years.  Schaefer equates the mechanism to storing broccoli in the home freezer: “As long as it stays frozen, it stays stable for many years,” he said. “But you take it out of the freezer and it will thaw out and decay.”

Now, permafrost is thawing in a warming climate and — just like the broccoli — the biomass will thaw and decay, releasing carbon into the atmosphere like any other decomposing plant material, Schaefer said. To predict how much carbon will enter the atmosphere and when, Schaefer and coauthors modeled the thaw and decay of organic matter currently frozen in permafrost under potential future warming conditions as predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

They found that between 29–59 percent of the permafrost will disappear by 2200. That permafrost took tens of thousands of years to form, but will melt in less than 200, Schaefer said.

The scientists used a model to predict how much carbon the thawing will release.  They estimate an extra 190 plus or minus 64 gigatons of carbon will enter the atmosphere by 2200—about one-fifth the total amount of carbon currently in the atmosphere today.

Carbon emissions from thawing permafrost will require greater reductions in fossil fuel emissions, to limit the atmospheric carbon dioxide to some maximum value associated with a target climate, Schaefer said. “It means the problem is getting more and more difficult all the time,” he said. “It is hard enough to reduce the emissions in any case, but now we saying that we have to reduce it even more.”

The study is published online in February 16 in Tellus. Coauthors on the study include CIRES Fellow and senior research scientist Tingjun Zhang from NSIDC, Lori Bruhwiler of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Andrew Barrett from NSIDC. Funding from the project came from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NOAA and the National Science Foundation.

Filed under: climate and weather, Colorado, Environment, global warming, Summit County Colorado, Summit County news Tagged: | climate change, Environment, global warming, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Science Foundation, National Snow and Ice Data Center, permafrost, Summit County News